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欲望与成功
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=== 延迟满足与自控力 === 著名的“'''棉花糖实验'''”形象地展示了延迟满足(推迟立即的欲望以获取更大利益)与成功之间的关联。斯坦福大学心理学家Walter Mischel在20世纪60-70年代开展了这一实验:让学龄前儿童独自留在房间里,与一颗棉花糖(或其他小零食)相对峙,并告诉他们如果能等待一段时间不吃掉棉花糖,实验结束时就能再得到一颗作为奖励 (The “marshmallow test” said patience was a key to success. A new replication tells us s’more. | Vox) (The “marshmallow test” said patience was a key to success. A new replication tells us s’more. | Vox)。多年追踪研究的结果令人印象深刻:'''当年能耐心等待、更好地抑制住吃糖欲望的孩子,长大后在学业成绩、社交能力等方面往往表现更优'''。例如,后续研究发现,幼时等待时间较长的孩子日后平均'''高考SAT分数更高,行为问题更少''' (The “marshmallow test” said patience was a key to success. A new replication tells us s’more. | Vox)。这些结果广为流传,支持了一个直观结论:'''能管住短期欲望、推迟满足的人,更有可能取得长远的成功'''。 当然,后来更大规模的研究对这一结论有所补充和修正。2018年的一项重复实验考虑了家庭环境等因素后发现,延迟满足与日后成功的相关性虽然存在但'''不如先前认为的那样绝对''' (The “marshmallow test” said patience was a key to success. A new replication tells us s’more. | Vox)。也就是说,'''自控力重要,但成长环境同样重要'''。尽管如此,“棉花糖实验”及其他类似研究已奠定一个基本共识:'''自律与延迟满足能力是实现长期目标的关键心理资源'''。换言之,要成就一番事业,往往需要抵御住许多即时诱惑(美食、娱乐、安逸等)的干扰,把注意力和努力投入到未来更有价值的事物上。 心理学进一步研究了'''自控力'''这一品质。例如,心理学家Angela Duckworth等提出“''毅力''”(grit)概念,指出持续的自律和热情甚至比天资更能预测学业与职业成就。早期一项有影响力的研究表明,'''学生的自律程度对学业成绩的影响是智商的两倍以上''' (Does Self-control Outdo IQ in Predicting Academic Performance? - PubMed)。换言之,一个中等智力但高度自律的学生可能比智商超群但缺乏自制的学生取得更好的成绩。这提示我们,'''战胜欲望的诱惑、坚持执行计划的能力,在现实成功中起着举足轻重的作用'''。 (Does Self-control Outdo IQ in Predicting Academic Performance? - PubMed)不过,后续研究也指出智力在长期来看仍然非常重要,自控和智力其实是相辅相成的因素 (Does Self-control Outdo IQ in Predicting Academic Performance? - PubMed)。总体来说,心理学家的结论是:'''有效的自我控制让人们能够坚持不懈地朝目标努力,是许多成功人士的共同心理特质'''。
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