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欲望与成功
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=== 斯多葛主义:节制欲望与内在德性 === '''斯多葛主义'''(Stoicism)是古希腊罗马哲学中非常强调自制和德性的学派。斯多葛哲学家将外界的财富、名誉等看作“非本质之物”(indifferents),认为'''真正的成功在于内在的美德和宁静''',而'''无节制的欲望会干扰理性、带来痛苦''' (Stoicism and Desire Regulation by Ryan Bush | Modern Stoicism)。正如斯多葛哲学家爱比克泰德所言:''“如果渴求不在自己掌控之物,你注定失望;真正的自由不是满足心欲,而是摆脱欲望”'' ( A Stoic Response To Desire)。这句话清楚地表达了斯多葛的立场:'''自由和内心的强大来自于对欲望的克制''',而不是纵容。过多追逐外在成功和享乐,反而容易让人陷于焦虑和失控。 斯多葛学派并非要压抑一切欲望,而是主张'''用理性来引导欲望'''。他们将情绪中的'''强烈欲望视为一种“激情”'''(passion),需要透过训练来驾驭,否则会“使我们偏离理智,徒增痛苦” (Stoicism and Desire Regulation by Ryan Bush | Modern Stoicism) (Stoicism and Desire Regulation by Ryan Bush | Modern Stoicism)。斯多葛提出许多修炼方法来管理欲望,例如'''省思法'''(事前预想最坏情况以降低过高期望)和'''知足常乐'''(经常提醒自己已经拥有的一切),借此**“将欲望调整到与自然相符”** (Stoicism and Desire Regulation by Ryan Bush | Modern Stoicism)。这与道家的“知足”有异曲同工之妙。通过这些练习,斯多葛信徒力求达到**“apatheia”'''(不为情欲所动)的境界,内心平和专注于美德和理性的生活目标。值得注意的是,斯多葛并不反对有目标和追求,例如许多斯多葛哲人本身在政治或军事上有所建树,但他们强调'''在追求事业时仍要保持节制的生活方式**,不要让对名利的贪欲凌驾于道德之上。可以说,在斯多葛主义视角下,一个人越能'''驾驭自己的欲望''',就越能专注于培养内在的优秀品质,从而成为真正“厉害”的人。
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