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欲望与成功
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=== 道家:无为与知足 === '''道家思想'''(主要指老庄哲学)主张顺应自然、淡泊名利,对待欲望持有“'''无为而治'''”的态度。老子在《道德经》中多次告诫欲望的危害。例如第四十六章指出:“'''罪莫大于贪欲,祸莫大于不知足'''” (Dao De Jing [Tao Te Ching], by Lao Zi [Lao Tzu] in Side-by-Side Translation: Chapter 46)——没有比放纵欲望更大的过错,也没有比不知满足更大的祸害。道家提倡一种朴素自然的生活观,认为'''过度的世俗欲望会扰乱心灵和社会的和谐'''。老子在第一章提出:“'''常无欲,以观其妙;常有欲,以观其徼'''”,意思是唯有保持无欲的心境,才能体察天地万物的奥妙;若内心充满欲望,只能看到表面的纷扰。因此,要想洞见大道或获得长久的安定,必须降低私欲,守持“'''知足'''”的美德 (Dao De Jing [Tao Te Ching], by Lao Zi [Lao Tzu] in Side-by-Side Translation: Chapter 46)。 道家的“'''无为'''”并非什么都不做,而是一种'''不以私欲强行妄为'''的智慧。庄子等道家思想家推崇逍遥自在的人生态度,许多道家高人选择远离权势富贵,过着清淡自适的生活,这正是对**“摒弃多余欲望”'''的实践。他们认为,一个人若能不被名利诱惑、节制欲望,反而更容易保持身心自由,与“道”合一。成功在道家看来,不是世俗定义的功成名就,而是达到与大道契合的境界。因此,道家主张'''“无欲则刚”**——心无过多杂欲,反而更强大稳健,最终“无不为”,自然而然有所成就。
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