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gpt-5-2-thinking[edit | edit source]

User: There are several papers that demonstrate spike protein and mRNA in the nucleus via NLS.[edit | edit source]

There are several papers that demonstrate spike protein and mRNA in the nucleus via NLS. Do you have these citations

Assistant: Yep — the main set of papers people cite for Spike + spike mRNA showing up at/inside the nucleus, linked to a proposed …[edit | edit source]

Yep — the main set of papers people cite for Spike + spike mRNA showing up at/inside the nucleus, linked to a proposed Spike NLS (PRRARSV) is from the Sattar/Mehedi group:

Core papers (Spike protein + spike mRNA nuclear localization; NLS argument)[edit | edit source]
  • Sattar S, Kabat J, Jerome K, Feldmann F, Bailey K, Mehedi M. (2023) Nuclear translocation of spike mRNA and protein is a novel feature of SARS-CoV-2. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1073789. (Full text + summary includes the NLS “PRRARSV” claim and reports Spike protein + spike mRNA at/inside the nucleus in infected airway epithelium.) Frontiers[2]
  • Sattar S, et al. (2022) Nuclear translocation of spike mRNA and protein is a novel pathogenic feature of SARS-CoV-2. (Preprint version; same overall claim, positioned more explicitly as “NLS-driven”.) PubMed[3]
  • Jerome K, et al. (2023) Simultaneous detection and quantification of spike mRNA and protein… (Methods/protocol-style paper that references and operationalizes the detection; notes the nuclear observation as the key finding.) PMC[4]
Reviews that repeat/summarize the NLS + nuclear-translocation claim[edit | edit source]
  • MDPI Pathogens review (2023) SARS-CoV-2 Strikes the Host Cell Nucleus — explicitly describes the PRRARSV region as an NLS and summarizes reported nuclear Spike and spike mRNA detection. MDPI[5]
Quick reality-check (because people often mix two claims)[edit | edit source]
  • The papers above are about SARS-CoV-2 infection / Spike biology, and (in their framing) Spike’s sequence containing a putative NLS + observed nuclear signal. Frontiers[6]
  • If what you meant was “vaccine mRNA goes into the nucleus via an NLS”: mRNA itself doesn’t use an NLS the way proteins do, and I’m not seeing a solid peer-review “NLS-driven vaccine mRNA → nucleus” citation in the same category as the Spike NLS claim. What does get cited a lot in that orbit is the Aldén et al. Huh7 in-vitro paper (reverse transcription signals), but that’s a different mechanism/claim than “NLS nuclear import.” PubMed[7]

If you tell me which exact paper titles/authors you had in mind (besides Sattar/Mehedi), I can pull the exact reference entries you want (PMID/DOI/journal) and sanity-check whether they really show in-nucleus signal vs “perinuclear / nuclear envelope / fractionation contamination” etc.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Spike protein NLS citations". ChatGPT. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  2. ↑ "Frontiers". frontiersin.org. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  3. ↑ "PubMed". pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  4. ↑ "PMC". pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  5. ↑ "MDPI". mdpi.com. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  6. ↑ "Frontiers". frontiersin.org. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  7. ↑ "PubMed". pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
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