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Openai/6946af2d-a8f0-800a-9221-1e95f86c0f02


This conversation was exported from ChatGPT[1]

gpt-5-2-thinking edit

User: There are several papers that demonstrate spike protein and mRNA in the nucleus via NLS. edit

There are several papers that demonstrate spike protein and mRNA in the nucleus via NLS. Do you have these citations

Assistant: Yep — the main set of papers people cite for Spike + spike mRNA showing up at/inside the nucleus, linked to a proposed … edit

Yep — the main set of papers people cite for Spike + spike mRNA showing up at/inside the nucleus, linked to a proposed Spike NLS (PRRARSV) is from the Sattar/Mehedi group:

Core papers (Spike protein + spike mRNA nuclear localization; NLS argument) edit
  • Sattar S, Kabat J, Jerome K, Feldmann F, Bailey K, Mehedi M. (2023) Nuclear translocation of spike mRNA and protein is a novel feature of SARS-CoV-2. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1073789. (Full text + summary includes the NLS “PRRARSV” claim and reports Spike protein + spike mRNA at/inside the nucleus in infected airway epithelium.) Frontiers[2]
  • Sattar S, et al. (2022) Nuclear translocation of spike mRNA and protein is a novel pathogenic feature of SARS-CoV-2. (Preprint version; same overall claim, positioned more explicitly as “NLS-driven”.) PubMed[3]
  • Jerome K, et al. (2023) Simultaneous detection and quantification of spike mRNA and protein… (Methods/protocol-style paper that references and operationalizes the detection; notes the nuclear observation as the key finding.) PMC[4]
Reviews that repeat/summarize the NLS + nuclear-translocation claim edit
  • MDPI Pathogens review (2023) SARS-CoV-2 Strikes the Host Cell Nucleus — explicitly describes the PRRARSV region as an NLS and summarizes reported nuclear Spike and spike mRNA detection. MDPI[5]
Quick reality-check (because people often mix two claims) edit
  • The papers above are about SARS-CoV-2 infection / Spike biology, and (in their framing) Spike’s sequence containing a putative NLS + observed nuclear signal. Frontiers[6]
  • If what you meant was “vaccine mRNA goes into the nucleus via an NLS”: mRNA itself doesn’t use an NLS the way proteins do, and I’m not seeing a solid peer-review “NLS-driven vaccine mRNA → nucleus” citation in the same category as the Spike NLS claim. What does get cited a lot in that orbit is the Aldén et al. Huh7 in-vitro paper (reverse transcription signals), but that’s a different mechanism/claim than “NLS nuclear import.” PubMed[7]

If you tell me which exact paper titles/authors you had in mind (besides Sattar/Mehedi), I can pull the exact reference entries you want (PMID/DOI/journal) and sanity-check whether they really show in-nucleus signal vs “perinuclear / nuclear envelope / fractionation contamination” etc.

References edit

  1. ↑ "Spike protein NLS citations". ChatGPT. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  2. ↑ "Frontiers". frontiersin.org. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  3. ↑ "PubMed". pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  4. ↑ "PMC". pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  5. ↑ "MDPI". mdpi.com. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  6. ↑ "Frontiers". frontiersin.org. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  7. ↑ "PubMed". pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
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