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Openai/69174844-9774-8012-8b69-32262ca5e35a
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==== 当势垒宽度很薄或场很强时,电子可通过量子隧穿。两种相关极限与近似表达: ==== (A)低能三角势垒的 WKB 近似(用于粗估隧穿概率): T(E)≈exp (−2ℏ∫x1x22m∗[Φ(x)−E] dx),T(E)\approx \exp\!\left(-\frac{2}{\hbar}\int_{x_1}^{x_2}\sqrt{2m^{*}\big[\Phi(x)-E\big]}\,dx\right),T(E)≈exp(−ℏ2∫x1x22m∗[Φ(x)−E]dx), 对三角势垒做积分可得到一个典型的指数形式(Fowler–Nordheim 型指数),隧穿电流密度大致为 Jtun∝F2exp (−C ΦB3/2F),J_{\text{tun}}\propto F^2 \exp\!\Big(-\frac{C\ \Phi_B^{3/2}}{F}\Big),Jtun∝F2exp(−FC ΦB3/2), 其中 FFF 是势垒处的电场、CCC 包含常数与有效质量(详见下文)。这个表达说明:电场越强或势垒越薄(F 越大),隧穿指数项越小,隧穿电流显著增大。 (B)热力场发射(TFE)与 E_{00} 能量尺度(半经典经验判据) 常用一个能量尺度 E00E_{00}E00 来判定热激发、热力场发射或冷场发射的相对重要性(公式形式见下节)。有以下经验判据: * 若 E00≪kTE_{00}\ll kTE00≪kT:热激发(TE)主导(经典肖特基形式适用)。 * 若 E00∼kTE_{00}\sim kTE00∼kT:热力-场发射(TFE)——热激发 + 隧穿并存。 * 若 E00≫kTE_{00}\gg kTE00≫kT:冷场发射(FE,隧穿)主导(温度依赖弱)。 下面给出常用的 E00E_{00}E00 形式(书中常见表达): E00≡qℏ2NDm∗εs.E_{00} \equiv \frac{q\hbar}{2}\sqrt{\frac{N_D}{m^{*}\varepsilon_s}}.E00≡2qℏm∗εsND. :
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