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Openai/691d9c1d-d468-8006-890d-7854f5b6223f
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=== When the Portuguese arrived in the Indian Ocean (1498), they discovered: === * Gujarati merchants dominating foodstuffs and textiles * Arab merchants dominating horses and the Red Sea * Tamil Muslim merchants dominating the Bay of Bengal and SE Asia They complained bitterly that Tamil merchants were: * too wealthy * too well-organized * too well-liked * too deeply rooted in local politics * too multilingual * too good at evading Portuguese licensing (cartaz) The Portuguese were basically a violent startup trying to break an ancient Indian monopoly. They saw Tamil shipping as one of the biggest threats to their spice monopoly.
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