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Openai/69174844-9774-8012-8b69-32262ca5e35a
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==== ### ==== * 场视作函数空间的变量,积分为: Z=∫Dϕ eiS[ϕ]/ℏZ = \int \mathcal{D}\phi\, e^{iS[\phi]/\hbar}Z=∫DϕeiS[ϕ]/ℏ * 这是泛函分析中的“测度论 + 高维高斯积分”问题。 * 使用高斯泛函积分技巧: ∫Dϕ e−12ϕAϕ+Jϕ=1detAe12JA−1J\int \mathcal{D}\phi\, e^{-\frac{1}{2}\phi A \phi + J\phi} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\det A}} e^{\frac{1}{2} J A^{-1} J}∫Dϕe−21ϕAϕ+Jϕ=detA1e21JA−1J * 关联函数为泛函导数生成: ⟨ϕ(x1)ϕ(x2)⟩=1Zδ2Z[J]δJ(x1)δJ(x2)∣J=0\langle \phi(x_1)\phi(x_2) \rangle = \frac{1}{Z}\frac{\delta^2 Z[J]}{\delta J(x_1)\delta J(x_2)}\Big|_{J=0}⟨ϕ(x1)ϕ(x2)⟩=Z1δJ(x1)δJ(x2)δ2Z[J]J=0 : ===== - '''规范场理论(Gauge theory)本质是纤维丛理论(fiber bundle)'''的物理化。 - 规范场 AμA_\muAμ:联络(connection); - 场强 FμνF_{\mu\nu}Fμν:曲率(curvature)。 Fμν=∂μAν−∂νAμ+ig[Aμ,Aν]F_{\mu\nu} = \partial_\mu A_\nu - \partial_\nu A_\mu + ig[A_\mu, A_\nu]Fμν=∂μAν−∂νAμ+ig[Aμ,Aν] ===== * 规范变换:丛的截面变换。 * 规范协变导数:Dμ=∂μ+igAμD_\mu = \partial_\mu + igA_\muDμ=∂μ+igAμ。 : * Nakahara《Geometry, Topology and Physics》 * Baez & Muniain《Gauge Fields, Knots and Gravity》 ===== - 利用微积分与对数标度分析研究参数随能标变化: μdgdμ=β(g)\mu \frac{d g}{d\mu} = \beta(g)μdμdg=β(g) ===== * β函数来源于积分发散的正则化与重整化操作。 * 常用数学: - 维数正则化; - Gamma 函数、ζ 函数; - 渐近展开与对数微分。 : ===== - 计算散射矩阵: S=Texp (−i∫HI(t) dt)S = T\exp\!\Big(-i\int H_I(t)\,dt\Big)S=Texp(−i∫HI(t)dt) 用Dyson 展开(时序指数)。 ===== * 正规序与 Wick 定理: Wick 定理的数学基础是算符代数与高斯积分展开。
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