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=== ⭐ A. COMPLETE TABLE — 30+ SCIENTIFIC TOPICS === 4 ===== Legend ===== * ✔️ = aligns with modern science * ❌ = contradicts modern science * ⚪ = neutral / not specific * 📘 = Qur’an * 📗 = Bible ==== 1. Cosmology & Universe ==== | Topic | Qur’an | Bible | Confidence | Sources | | ----------------------------- | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ----------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Big Bang-like origin | ✔️ Q21:30 | ❌ Earth before stars (Gen 1:1–19) | High | NASA Big Bang: https://science.nasa.gov/universe/origins/big-bang/ | | Universe expansion | ✔️ Q51:47 | ⚪ No parallel | Medium-High | NASA expansion: https://science.nasa.gov/universe/universe-expansion/ | | Universe from smoke/mist | ✔️ Q41:11 | ⚪ No parallel | Medium | ESA early universe: https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science | | Geocentrism | ⚪ Qur’an neutral | ❌ Many verses assume fixed Earth (Ps 104:5) | High | Britannica “firmament”: https://www.britannica.com/topic/firmament | | Age of universe/earth stated? | ⚪ No age stated | ❌ Young Earth if literal | High | USGS Earth age: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-age-earth | ==== 2. Earth, Atmosphere, Geology ==== | Topic | Qur’an | Bible | Confidence | Sources | | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Atmosphere as layers | ✔️ Q67:3; Q41:12 | ❌ Firmament = solid dome | High | NOAA layers: https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/atmosphere/layers | | Mountains as stabilizers | ❌ Geology disagrees literal reading | ⚪ no claim | Medium-High | GSA tectonics: https://www.geosociety.org | | Barrier between seas | ✔️ Q55:19–20 | ⚪ No claim | High | NOAA halocline: https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/halocline | | Earth “spread out” | ⚪ interpreted metaphorically | ❌ flat-like if literal | Medium | NASA Earth shape: https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts | | Sky returning (rain cycle) | ✔️ Q86:11 | ✔️ Rain cycle known | High | NOAA water cycle: https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle | | Mountains formed by upheaval | ✔️ Q79:32 | ⚪ | Medium | USGS mountain formation: https://www.usgs.gov | | Sun & Moon orbits | ✔️ Q21:33 orbital motion | ❌ Bible implies fixed Sun (Joshua 10:12–13) | High | NASA orbital dynamics: https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system | ==== 3. Biology, Embryology, Medicine ==== | Topic | Qur’an | Bible | Confidence | Sources | | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------- | --------------------------- | ---------- | ------------------------------------------------------ | | Embryo stages | ✔️ broad sequence Q23:12–14 | ⚪ poetic only | Medium | PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12269311 | | Sex determined & mixing fluids | ⚪ debated Q76:2 | ⚪ no description | Medium | Medline: https://medlineplus.gov | | Evolution permitted? | ✔️ not denied | ❌ conflicts literal Genesis | High | Nature evolution: https://www.nature.com/scitable | | Human created from clay/dust | ⚪ symbolic both | ⚪ symbolic | High | Smithsonian human origins: https://humanorigins.si.edu | | Plants created before Sun | ⚪ Qur’an doesn’t list order | ❌ Bible (Gen 1:11–19) | High | NASA solar data: https://science.nasa.gov/solar | | Breastfeeding duration | ✔️ Q2:233 (2 years recommended) | ⚪ no guideline | High | WHO 2-year breastfeeding: https://www.who.int | ==== 4. Oceanography & Earth Sciences ==== | Topic | Qur’an | Bible | Confidence | Sources | | ------------------------ | -------------- | ----------------------- | ---------- | -------------------------------------------------- | | Darkness in deep ocean | ✔️ Q24:40 | ⚪ no claim | High | NOAA deep sea light: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov | | Fresh/salt water barrier | ✔️ Q25:53 | ⚪ none | High | NOAA halocline | | Hydrological cycle | ✔️ Many verses | ✔️ mentioned poetically | High | NOAA water cycle | ==== 5. Astronomy ==== | Topic | Qur’an | Bible | Confidence | Sources | | ---------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | ---------- | ---------------------------------------------- | | Stars as “lamps” | ⚪ metaphor | ❌ sometimes literal | Medium | NASA stellar physics | | Sun movement | ✔️ Sun moves in orbit (Q36:38), correct in galactic orbit | ❌ Bible implies Sun stops (Joshua 10) | High | ESA galaxy rotation: https://www.esa.int | | Moonlight as reflected light | ✔️ implied Q10:5 | ⚪ Bible ambiguous | Medium | NASA Moon facts: https://science.nasa.gov/moon | ==== 6. Human Development, Medicine, Health ==== | Topic | Qur’an | Bible | Confidence | Sources | | ----------------------------- | ------------------- | ---------------------- | ---------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Honey as healing | ✔️ Q16:69 | ✔️ Bible also mentions | High | NIH on honey antimicrobial: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3611628 | | Alcohol harms | ✔️ warnings (Q5:90) | ⚪ mixed | High | WHO alcohol risks: https://www.who.int | | Pork forbidden (health risks) | ✔️ Q2:173 | ⚪ allowed | High | CDC pork parasites data: https://www.cdc.gov | ==== 7. Physics ==== | Topic | Qur’an | Bible | Confidence | Sources | | ------------------------ | --------------------------------------- | ------------- | ---------- | --------------------------------------------- | | Everything made in pairs | ⚪ debated (Q51:49) | ⚪ | Low | Particle physics – CERN: https://home.cern | | Iron “sent down” | ⚪ Q57:25 sometimes linked to meteorites | ⚪ no parallel | Medium | NASA meteorite iron: https://science.nasa.gov |
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