Editing Openai/684c8efd-d510-8009-9dd1-58649bff873c (section)

==== ### ====
* Has more SOEs than any other country; over '''4,000 central SOEs''' and nearly 867,000 with some degree of state ownership cepr.org<ref>{{cite web|title=cepr.org|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/state-owned-enterprises-global-economy-reason-concern|publisher=cepr.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.
* SOEs comprised ~60% of market cap as of 2019, contributing ~68% to GDP in 2023 .

===== - Around 4,100 state-owned enterprises employing ~39% of workforce (2007 data) en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Russia|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====
* SOEs hold ~40% of stock market capitalization; heavy in energy, finance, utilities .

===== - Among top countries when measuring SOE share in largest firms: ~88% among top 10 by sales/assets/market cap cepr.org<ref>{{cite web|title=cepr.org|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/state-owned-enterprises-global-economy-reason-concern|publisher=cepr.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====

===== - Indonesia: ~69% SOE share among top firms . =====
* Malaysia: ~68% share reddit.com<ref>{{cite web|title=reddit.com|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/state-owned-enterprises-global-economy-reason-concern|publisher=cepr.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.

===== - Government owns ~35–37% of all listed firms, plus key non-listed monopolies (energy, banking, telecoms) elibrary.imf.org<ref>{{cite web|title=elibrary.imf.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Norway|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====
* SOEs account for ~9.6–13% of non-agricultural employment—the highest in OECD everycrsreport.com<ref>{{cite web|title=everycrsreport.com|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Norway|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.

===== - Traditional SOEs present across ~92.2% of industry sectors fdiintelligence.com<ref>{{cite web|title=fdiintelligence.com|url=https://www.fdiintelligence.com/content/news/revealed-the-economies-with-the-most-government-influence-83821|publisher=fdiintelligence.com|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====

===== - When including “businesses of the state” (≥10% state ownership), BOS appear in the highest number of sectors infogalactic.com<ref>{{cite web|title=infogalactic.com|url=https://www.fdiintelligence.com/content/news/revealed-the-economies-with-the-most-government-influence-83821|publisher=fdiintelligence.com|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====

===== - SOE presence jumps from ~5% sectors (traditional definition) to over 90% when counting majority and minority state ownership . =====

===== - State holds minority stakes in major global companies: e.g., Enel (Italy), EDF; significant activities in telecoms, energy, transport midwesternmarx.com<ref>{{cite web|title=midwesternmarx.com|url=https://rooseveltinstitute.org/publications/the-role-of-state-ownership/|publisher=rooseveltinstitute.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====

===== - Federal and state governments own major stakes in Deutsche Bahn, Sparkassen banks, KfW, Deutsche Post, Land banks, Volkswagen (~20% via Lower Saxony), Deutsche Telekom, etc. infogalactic.com<ref>{{cite web|title=infogalactic.com|url=https://infogalactic.com/info/State-owned_enterprise|publisher=infogalactic.com|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====