Editing Openai/684c8efd-d510-8009-9dd1-58649bff873c (section)

=== Assistant: Here's a ranked overview of top 10 countries with the strongest presence of state-owned enterprises SOEs, nationalized … ===
Here's a ranked overview of '''top 10 countries''' with the strongest presence of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), nationalized resources, and public goods provision—based on data like SOE share in the largest firms, market assets, employment footprint, and sectoral ownership:

==== ### ====
* Has more SOEs than any other country; over '''4,000 central SOEs''' and nearly 867,000 with some degree of state ownership cepr.org<ref>{{cite web|title=cepr.org|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/state-owned-enterprises-global-economy-reason-concern|publisher=cepr.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.
* SOEs comprised ~60% of market cap as of 2019, contributing ~68% to GDP in 2023 .

===== - Around 4,100 state-owned enterprises employing ~39% of workforce (2007 data) en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Russia|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====
* SOEs hold ~40% of stock market capitalization; heavy in energy, finance, utilities .

===== - Among top countries when measuring SOE share in largest firms: ~88% among top 10 by sales/assets/market cap cepr.org<ref>{{cite web|title=cepr.org|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/state-owned-enterprises-global-economy-reason-concern|publisher=cepr.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====

===== - Indonesia: ~69% SOE share among top firms . =====
* Malaysia: ~68% share reddit.com<ref>{{cite web|title=reddit.com|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/state-owned-enterprises-global-economy-reason-concern|publisher=cepr.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.

===== - Government owns ~35–37% of all listed firms, plus key non-listed monopolies (energy, banking, telecoms) elibrary.imf.org<ref>{{cite web|title=elibrary.imf.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Norway|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====
* SOEs account for ~9.6–13% of non-agricultural employment—the highest in OECD everycrsreport.com<ref>{{cite web|title=everycrsreport.com|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Norway|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.

===== - Traditional SOEs present across ~92.2% of industry sectors fdiintelligence.com<ref>{{cite web|title=fdiintelligence.com|url=https://www.fdiintelligence.com/content/news/revealed-the-economies-with-the-most-government-influence-83821|publisher=fdiintelligence.com|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====

===== - When including “businesses of the state” (≥10% state ownership), BOS appear in the highest number of sectors infogalactic.com<ref>{{cite web|title=infogalactic.com|url=https://www.fdiintelligence.com/content/news/revealed-the-economies-with-the-most-government-influence-83821|publisher=fdiintelligence.com|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====

===== - SOE presence jumps from ~5% sectors (traditional definition) to over 90% when counting majority and minority state ownership . =====

===== - State holds minority stakes in major global companies: e.g., Enel (Italy), EDF; significant activities in telecoms, energy, transport midwesternmarx.com<ref>{{cite web|title=midwesternmarx.com|url=https://rooseveltinstitute.org/publications/the-role-of-state-ownership/|publisher=rooseveltinstitute.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====

===== - Federal and state governments own major stakes in Deutsche Bahn, Sparkassen banks, KfW, Deutsche Post, Land banks, Volkswagen (~20% via Lower Saxony), Deutsche Telekom, etc. infogalactic.com<ref>{{cite web|title=infogalactic.com|url=https://infogalactic.com/info/State-owned_enterprise|publisher=infogalactic.com|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====

==== |     |     |     |     | ====
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |

===== - '''Saudi Arabia''': State owns Aramco, SABIC, national airlines rtsg.media<ref>{{cite web|title=rtsg.media|url=https://www.rtsg.media/p/state-ownership-and-the-peoples-republic|publisher=rtsg.media|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>investopedia.com<ref>{{cite web|title=investopedia.com|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Russia|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>oecd.org<ref>{{cite web|title=oecd.org|url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/ownership-and-governance-of-state-owned-enterprises-2024_395c9956-en.html|publisher=oecd.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. =====
* '''Singapore''': GLCs account for ~37% of market cap; strong sovereign wealth fund influence en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capitalism|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.
* '''India''', '''Italy''', '''South Korea''': Significant SOE asset holdings per OECD ($338B India, $207B Italy, $218B Korea) evbn.org<ref>{{cite web|title=evbn.org|url=https://evbn.org/the-characteristics-of-stateowned-enterprise-sectors-in-40-countries-new-oecd-report-1678583325/|publisher=evbn.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.

==== - Definition matters: Rankings vary depending on whether only majority-owned SOEs are counted or broader state influence (delegated shares, BOS) is included. ====
* Metrics vary: Assessment methods include SOE share by market cap, employment, sector coverage, GDP contributions.
* OECD vs Emerging Economies: OECD countries like Norway, France, Germany lead in employment and market cap share, while emerging economies like China, Russia, UAE dominate in raw SOE volume.

##