Editing Openai/690e0c6e-a0a0-8008-a8d6-170f8b930892 (section)

==== These works take the intuition of exploitation seriously, but typically reformulate it in more rigorous/modern economic‐theoretic terms (often dropping the labour‐theory of value). ====
# **John Roemer – A General Theory of Exploitation and Class (1982) — one of the foundational works of analytical Marxism. Wikipedia<ref>{{cite web|title=Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_General_Theory_of_Exploitation_and_Class|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-12}}</ref> - Roemer’s definition: exploitation ≠ simply “capitalist pays less than value of labour” in a LTV sense, but rather: a group is exploited if under feasible alternatives they would do better and their inferior outcome is causal to the structure of property/contract. sociopedia.co<ref>{{cite web|title=sociopedia.co|url=https://sociopedia.co/post/marxism-analytic-marxism|publisher=sociopedia.co|access-date=2025-11-12}}</ref> - He rejects the necessity of the labour theory of value. Michael A. Lebowitz<ref>{{cite web|title=Michael A. Lebowitz|url=https://michaelalebowitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/1984-review-of-roemer.pdf|publisher=Michael A. Lebowitz|access-date=2025-11-12}}</ref> - This means the formal equality of contract can be undermined because of property structure, bargaining asymmetries, exclusion from alternative endowments.
# “Analytical Marxism – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy” — overview of this school of thought, its methods and critiques of traditional Marxist value theory. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<ref>{{cite web|title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marxism-analytical/|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=2025-11-12}}</ref> - Summarizes how analytical Marxists aim to build class/exploitation theory on micro-theoretic foundations, game theory, property rights.
# “The Structure and Justification of Exploitation Theory” (Turner) — A survey/critical piece on exploitation theories with roots in Roemer. Drake University<ref>{{cite web|title=Drake University|url=https://www.drake.edu/media/departmentsoffices/dussj/2006-2003documents/ExploitationTurner.pdf|publisher=Drake University|access-date=2025-11-12}}</ref> - Useful for seeing modern debates within analytical Marxism: when is an arrangement exploitative? what normative stance? etc.

Summary takeaway for this camp: They preserve the intuition that the formal legal equality of labour contracts hides structural inequalities (property, alternative endowments) that generate exploitation. But they do so in refined economic-theoretic language, often side-stepping Marx’s original labour-theory of value and focusing on feasible alternative allocations, property distributions and asymmetric risk/ability to exit.