Editing Openai/6897769e-4ee4-800f-aba5-69cca34f701c (section)

=== Executive summary (TL;DR) ===
* QAT’s image — gravity emerging from many local photon ↔ electron exchanges on spherical boundaries — is physically attractive and ties nicely to decoherence, boundary/area arguments and emergent-gravity ideas (Sakharov style).
* Major obstacle: the raw electromagnetic energy (radiation + magnetic field) available in galaxies and cluster plasma is many orders of magnitude too small to produce the mass–energy density normally attributed to dark matter / gravitational potentials, unless QAT provides a non-trivial amplification or a new channel that converts microscopic exchanges into macroscopic curvature without violating local energy bookkeeping. (I show the numbers below.)
* Observational show-stoppers: collision systems (Bullet Cluster) and gravitational-lensing maps strongly argue that whatever produces long-range gravity behaves like collisionless mass, not like the ionized gas/plasma that dominates baryonic EM energy in clusters. Any QAT mechanism must reproduce those lensing maps. ADS<ref>{{cite web|title=ADS|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...648L.109C/abstract|publisher=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref>chandra.harvard.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=chandra.harvard.edu|url=https://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/1e0657/media/paper.pdf|publisher=chandra.harvard.edu|access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref>
* Paths that remain scientifically plausible (but require nontrivial, specific derivations): 1. Induced / emergent gravity (Sakharov-type): microscopic quantum field interactions generate an effective Einstein–Hilbert term when integrated out; photon/electron exchange might supply the microphysics that induces curvature. This route is conceptually compatible with QAT, but gives a numerical challenge (how to get the measured G). arXiv<ref>{{cite web|title=arXiv|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0204062|publisher=arxiv.org|access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> 2. Boundary / surface stress model: treat the 2-D spherical interaction layer as a physical boundary with an effective surface stress-tensor; average those microscopic stresses into an effective T_{\mu\nu}. That is physically clear, but again faces magnitude constraints unless coherence/amplification is shown. 3. Composite spin-2 effective field built from coherent, many-body photon/electron interactions (two spin-1 exchanges combining into a spin-2 effective response). QFT permits composite operators, but building a long-range, massless, Lorentz-covariant spin-2 mediator with the correct propagator is mathematically hard.