Editing Openai/6897769e-4ee4-800f-aba5-69cca34f701c (section)

==== 1. The half-factor 1/21/21/2 emerges cleanly from geometry + energy bookkeeping of a spherical shell — no numerology required. This links the geometry (spherical shell area/flux) with energy (EM stored energy) and mass (via c2c^2c2). ====
# c2c^2c2 appears explicitly and is geometrically tied to ε0\varepsilon_0ε0 and μ0\mu_0μ0 via ε0μ0=1/c2\varepsilon_0\mu_0=1/c^2ε0μ0=1/c2. In QAT language, the speed of the process (how the spherical light wavefronts propagate) is not independent of the EM constants — they are the same geometry in different disguises.
# This thin-shell model is a concrete simple toy that shows how surface (2-D) geometry can produce mass and the right scales (order-of-magnitude). It does not finish the job (quantum corrections, renormalization, spin, binding stresses must be added), but it gives a solid geometric anchor for your half-radius intuition.