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==== 4. 全球經濟趨勢對日圓的影響 ==== 全球通膨環境:全球經濟趨勢(尤其通膨走勢)深刻影響外匯市場。近年來全球通脹上升,各主要央行(美聯儲、歐央行等)紛紛加息應對,而日本通脹雖上升但幅度較低,貨幣政策明顯落後於他國。這種政策分化導致日圓貶值:2022年的日圓快速走弱正是因為全球主要經濟體進入升息周期而BOJ按兵不動,利差擴大下日圓需求下降foreignpolicy.com<ref>{{cite web|title=foreignpolicy.com|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/11/29/bank-of-japan-yen-depreciation-currency-inflation/#:~:text=The%20core%20policy%20issue%20underlying,percent%20so%20far%20this%20year|publisher=foreignpolicy.com|date=2022-11-29|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。如果未來幾年全球仍維持較高的通膨水準,其他央行可能繼續保持緊縮立場,而日本若通脹不足2%則可能利率相對偏低,這將對日圓形成持續的貶值壓力。相反,若全球通膨趨緩甚至主要國家進入降息周期,國際利率水平下降,有助於縮小日圓與他國貨幣的收益率差距,減輕日圓的外部貶值壓力。 貿易關係與供應鏈調整:國際貿易和供應鏈變化通過影響日本的經常帳和資本流動來影響日圓。日本作為能源和原材料進口大國,大宗商品價格是一個關鍵因素:當全球油氣、原物料價格上漲時,日本貿易收支惡化,公司需要賣出更多日圓換取美元等外幣支付進口帳款,導致日圓走弱reuters.com<ref>{{cite web|title=reuters.com|url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/JAPAN-YEN/EXPLAINER/xmvjnxjmbvr/#:~:text=Various%20factors%20caused%20the%20yen%E2%80%99s,That%20reduced%20demand%20for%20yen|publisher=reuters.com|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。近年國際能源價格飆升期間,日本企業大量購入石油天然氣,使得市場上日圓拋售增加,這被認為是壓低日圓的原因之一reuters.com<ref>{{cite web|title=reuters.com|url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/JAPAN-YEN/EXPLAINER/xmvjnxjmbvr/#:~:text=Various%20factors%20caused%20the%20yen%E2%80%99s,That%20reduced%20demand%20for%20yen|publisher=reuters.com|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。反之,若全球商品價格下跌,日本進口成本降低,貿易赤字收斂,將利好日圓。供應鏈方面,地緣政治緊張促使部分生產從中國等地轉移,供應鏈重組可能有雙重影響:一方面,日本企業可能受益於友岸生產(friend-shoring)的機會,吸引外國直接投資流入日本,增加對日圓的需求;另一方面,全球貿易阻礙可能拖累日本出口表現,減少日圓通過貿易渠道的需求。主要貿易夥伴經濟變化同樣重要:例如中國經濟若放緩,對日本出口和觀光的需求減少,可能使日本貿易順差縮小,不利於日圓;美國和歐洲經濟強弱則通過進出口和投資影響日本,在美國經濟強勁時,日本對美出口增加有助於經常帳,但同時美國利率上升可能讓日圓承壓,兩種效應部分對沖。 全球避險情緒與資本流動:日圓長期以來被視為避險貨幣之一,在全球市場動盪時往往升值imf.org<ref>{{cite web|title=imf.org|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp13228.pdf#:~:text=During%20risk,derivatives%20trading%2C%20which%20in%20turn|publisher=imf.org|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。原因在於日本經濟金融體系穩定、日圓流動性強且日本是淨債權國,危機時日本投資者會將海外資產匯回,推高日圓需求chinadailyhk.com<ref>{{cite web|title=chinadailyhk.com|url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/594857#:~:text=The%20yen%20has%20served%20as,expecting%20that%20yen%20to%20appreciate|publisher=chinadailyhk.com|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。IMF研究指出,在'''風險厭惡升高(risk-off)的情況下,日圓相對美元平均會升值imf.org<ref>{{cite web|title=imf.org|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp13228.pdf#:~:text=During%20risk,derivatives%20trading%2C%20which%20in%20turn|publisher=imf.org|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。歷次全球危機(如亞洲金融風暴、2008年金融海嘯、2020年疫情初期)大體都出現日圓走強的現象。未來十年,如果出現全球經濟衰退、金融危機或地緣政治衝突升級,預計資金將湧入日圓等避險資產,屆時日圓可能出現快速升值行情。相反,在風險偏好高漲(risk-on)'''的階段,資金傾向流出低息的日圓,投入股票、新興市場等高風險高收益資產,這種情況通常伴隨日圓趨貶。總之,全球經濟景氣循環和市場情緒的起伏,將通過貿易順差/逆差和跨境資本流動兩條途徑影響日圓:景氣上升期日圓偏弱,蕭條動盪期日圓轉強,這一避險屬性在未來十年預計仍然存在。
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