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糖尿病
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=== 急性并发症 === 在血糖失控时,糖尿病可引发危及生命的急性代谢紊乱。主要的急性并发症包括'''糖尿病酮症酸中毒'''(DKA)和'''高渗高血糖状态'''(HHS,又称高渗透压非酮症性昏迷) (糖尿病 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书)。'''糖尿病酮症酸中毒'''多见于1型糖尿病患者,由于体内严重缺乏胰岛素,导致脂肪分解增加产生大量酮体,引起代谢性酸中毒。其表现包括极度口渴、多尿、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、呼吸深快有烂苹果味(酮味),可迅速进展为神志模糊甚至昏迷,需要紧急医疗处理。'''高渗高血糖状态'''多发生于2型糖尿病的老年患者,其特点是长期高血糖(血糖常>30 mmol/L)伴严重脱水,但酮体升高不明显。患者可表现为极度口渴、虚弱无力、精神错乱,严重时出现惊厥、昏迷,是另一种需要紧急治疗的高危状态 (糖尿病 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书) (糖尿病 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书)。这两种高血糖危象如不及时补液、补充胰岛素等积极抢救,可导致休克、昏迷和死亡。除高血糖危象外,糖尿病治疗过程中还可能出现'''低血糖'''等急性问题。低血糖常由胰岛素过量或口服降糖药使用不当引起,表现为出汗、心悸、手颤、饥饿感、神志不清,严重时可导致昏迷和抽搐。糖尿病患者应学习识别低血糖症状并随身携带含糖食物,以便及时纠正低血糖。
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