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Openai/69174844-9774-8012-8b69-32262ca5e35a
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==== ### ==== * 没有静止系,可以选择沿 z 轴传播的参考动量: pμ=(E,0,0,E)p^\mu = (E, 0, 0, E)pμ=(E,0,0,E) * 能量 = 动量大小,符合光子等无质量粒子。 ===== 我们要求 Λμνpν=pμ\Lambda^\mu{}_\nu p^\nu = p^\muΛμνpν=pμ,也就是: ===== Λ(E00E)=(E00E)\Lambda \begin{pmatrix} E \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ E \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} E \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ E \end{pmatrix}ΛE00E=E00E ====== - 沿 z 轴旋转 θ\thetaθ: ====== Rz(θ)=(10000cosθ−sinθ00sinθcosθ00001)R_z(\theta) = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \cos\theta & -\sin\theta & 0 \\ 0 & \sin\theta & \cos\theta & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}Rz(θ)=10000cosθsinθ00−sinθcosθ00001 * 作用在 p 上不会改变 p → 是保持动量的变换。 * 沿 x 或 y 方向的 boost(所谓“平移”): T(a,b)=null rotation/ISO(2) translation partT(a,b) = \text{null rotation/ISO(2) translation part}T(a,b)=null rotation/ISO(2) translation part * 可以证明这些变换会改变空间方向,但仍保持 p2=0p^2 = 0p2=0 且沿 z 方向不动(数学上是 ISO(2) 群)。 ✅ 结论:无质量粒子的小群 = ISO(2)(二维欧几里得群) * 包含沿 z 轴的旋转(对应螺旋度) * 平移部分 → 对物理态无影响,可规掉 ===== - 光子(自旋 1): - ISO(2) 的不可约表示 → 只有两种 helicity ±1 ===== * 引力波(自旋 2): - ISO(2) 不可约表示 → helicity ±2
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