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==== 3. 日本政府債務與財政政策影響 ==== 財政赤字與債務現狀:日本政府長期財政赤字累積了龐大債務,債務佔GDP比率超過250%,在已開發國家中高居首位reuters.com<ref>{{cite web|title=reuters.com|url=https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/japan-has-ways-avoid-sovereign-debt-crunch-2024-06-07/#:~:text=Financial%20crises%2C%20sluggish%20growth%20and,it%20as%20an%20existential%20risk|publisher=reuters.com|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。如此高的債務水平引發市場對其可持續性的關注。不過需要注意,日本國債主要由國內投資者和機構持有,其中日本央行自身持有的國債規模相當於GDP的100%左右reuters.com<ref>{{cite web|title=reuters.com|url=https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/japan-has-ways-avoid-sovereign-debt-crunch-2024-06-07/#:~:text=Yet%20economists%20at%20the%20Federal,well%20as%20many%20foreign%20securities|publisher=reuters.com|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。若將政府部門資產計入,日本的淨債務約為GDP的119%,與美國接近reuters.com<ref>{{cite web|title=reuters.com|url=https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/japan-has-ways-avoid-sovereign-debt-crunch-2024-06-07/#:~:text=Yet%20economists%20at%20the%20Federal,well%20as%20many%20foreign%20securities|publisher=reuters.com|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。因此,表面上的債台高築在一定程度上被國內消化能力所緩衝。日本政府還設立償債基金預留未來支付,實際年度利息負擔低於預算標示水平。這些因素使得日本短期內出現債務違約危機的風險不高,市場對日圓的信心並未因債務規模而立刻崩潰。 債務與日圓長期走勢:儘管如此,過大的政府債務仍可能通過財政與貨幣互動影響日圓價值。日本高債務迫使央行壓低利率來減輕政府融資成本,體現為日本央行長期實施低利率和大規模購債(即財政主導傾向)。債務壓力與寬鬆貨幣的結合常被視為日圓趨貶的一個深層原因:brookings.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=brookings.edu|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/japans-falling-yen-and-fiscal-space/#:~:text=superficial%20level%2C%20recent%20yen%20depreciation,fall%20as%20markets%20absorb%20that|publisher=brookings.edu|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>分析指出,日圓近年的走弱很大程度上是因日本巨額債務使BOJ不得不透過無限量購買國債來壓低長債殖利率,避免跟隨全球升息循環,這相當於將債務問題的壓力轉嫁到匯率上,導致日圓貶值brookings.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=brookings.edu|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/japans-falling-yen-and-fiscal-space/#:~:text=superficial%20level%2C%20recent%20yen%20depreciation,fall%20as%20markets%20absorb%20that|publisher=brookings.edu|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。換言之,日本案例顯示如果讓債務無限制上升,雖然可以透過央行干預債市來避免即刻的債務危機,但代價是本幣的持續走弱brookings.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=brookings.edu|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/japans-falling-yen-and-fiscal-space/#:~:text=Bank%20of%20Japan%20sat%20out,debt%20dynamics%20into%20currency%20depreciation|publisher=brookings.edu|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。未來十年,若日本政府不縮減財政赤字、債務持續攀升,市場可能更加質疑其債務永續性,迫使央行繼續寬鬆以維持債務滾續,這將侵蝕國際投資人對日圓的信心,使日圓呈現緩慢貶值趨勢。反之,若日本藉由通膨和經濟成長使債務GDP比下降,或採取財政緊縮穩定債務,則有助於支撐日圓的長期信用。在各種情境下,債務問題對日圓的影響偏向於潛移默化地改變長期趨勢:當前高債務水準下,日圓較難出現大幅升值行情,但債務本身也未至於引發突然的匯率崩盤。
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