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Openai/69174844-9774-8012-8b69-32262ca5e35a
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==== ### ==== 在量子场论中,一个单粒子态 ∣p,σ⟩|p, \sigma\rangle∣p,σ⟩ 是洛伦兹群(Poincaré 群)下的表示空间的向量。 * Poincaré 群 = 平移群 + 洛伦兹群 * 粒子状态用动量 p\mathbf{p}p 和“内部自由度”(自旋、自旋投影)标记: ∣p,σ⟩|p, \sigma\rangle∣p,σ⟩ ===== - 物理上:粒子在动量 p\mathbf{p}p 下的自由度不能随动量变化而改变 → 也就是粒子自旋或偏振是相对于动量定义的。 ===== * 数学上:考虑保持动量 ppp 不变的洛伦兹变换: Λ νμpν=pμ\Lambda^\mu_{\;\nu} p^\nu = p^\muΛνμpν=pμ * 这个子群称为 小群(little group)。 : ===== - 对固定动量 ppp,所有保持 ppp 不变的洛伦兹变换不会改变动量,但可能改变粒子的内部状态(自旋、偏振)。 ===== * 因此粒子内部自由度必须形成小群的不可约表示(irreducible representation, irrep)。 * 换句话说:自旋/螺旋度 = 小群不可约表示的维度。
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