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Openai/69174844-9774-8012-8b69-32262ca5e35a
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==== 1. 能量和动量来自场的哈密顿量 ==== 电磁场的哈密顿量: H=12∫d3x(E2+B2)H = \frac{1}{2} \int d^3x \left( \mathbf{E}^2 + \mathbf{B}^2 \right)H=21∫d3x(E2+B2) * 将场量子化后,E,B\mathbf{E}, \mathbf{B}E,B 用 aλ,aλ†a_\lambda, a_\lambda^\daggeraλ,aλ† 表示: H=∑λ∫d3p Ep aλ†(p)aλ(p)H = \sum_\lambda \int d^3p\, E_p\, a_\lambda^\dagger(p) a_\lambda(p)H=λ∑∫d3pEpaλ†(p)aλ(p) * 每个光子贡献能量 Ep=∣p∣E_p = |\mathbf{p}|Ep=∣p∣,动量 p\mathbf{p}p。 * 能量和动量是量子化后的场本身具有的物理属性,而不是生成元抽象的数学属性。 # 对应经典波动 * 光波的强度对应电磁场能量密度: u=12(E2+B2)u = \frac{1}{2} (\mathbf{E}^2 + \mathbf{B}^2)u=21(E2+B2) * 量子化后,光子的能量 E=ℏωE = \hbar \omegaE=ℏω,动量 p=ℏkp = \hbar kp=ℏk 与经典电磁波频率、波矢对应: E=ℏω,p=ℏkE = \hbar \omega, \quad \mathbf{p} = \hbar \mathbf{k}E=ℏω,p=ℏk :
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