Editing Openai/696a9c06-8704-8000-b743-11d305797d38 (section)

== gpt-5-2-thinking ==
=== User: which new useful materials invented in 2025 ===
which new useful materials invented in 2025

=== Assistant: Here are some of the most useful new or newly demonstrated materials/material systems that made big waves in 2025 — wit… ===
Here are some of the most useful new (or newly demonstrated) materials/material systems that made big waves in 2025 — with what they’re good for:

==== 1) More-stable, ultra-high-efficiency perovskite solar cells ====

Researchers showed perovskite devices hitting ~27% efficiency while keeping 100% performance after 1,200 hours of continuous illumination (a big deal for real-world reliability). Nature<ref>{{cite web|title=Nature|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-025-01791-1|publisher=nature.com|access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref>
Why useful: cheaper manufacturing than silicon + very high efficiency → next-gen solar (including silicon–perovskite tandems). Science<ref>{{cite web|title=Science|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/breakthrough-2025|publisher=science.org|access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref>

==== 2) “Magic-angle” twisted trilayer graphene (new superconducting evidence) ====

Stacking 3 graphene sheets at a precise twist (“magic-angle”) produced strong evidence of unconventional superconductivity — important for future low-loss electronics. MIT News<ref>{{cite web|title=MIT News|url=https://news.mit.edu/2025/physicists-observe-evidence-unconventional-superconductivity-graphene-1106|publisher=MIT News|access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref>
Why useful: roadmap toward better superconductors (possibly higher-temperature ones) and exotic quantum devices.

==== 3) Chiral superconductor in graphite (superconducting + magnetic behavior) ====

A 2025 result reported a “chiral superconductor” behavior in ordinary graphite (yes, pencil-lead material), with superconductivity + intrinsic magnetism. Phys.org<ref>{{cite web|title=Phys.org|url=https://phys.org/news/2025-05-newly-superconductor-magnet.html|publisher=phys.org|access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref>
Why useful: could enable new quantum components where magnetism and superconductivity are both needed.

==== 4) Multiscale reduced graphene oxide (M-rGO) for supercapacitors ====

A newly engineered graphene structure (“tangled” multiscale sheets) improved ion movement and surface area, boosting supercapacitor performance. Live Science<ref>{{cite web|title=Live Science|url=https://www.livescience.com/technology/electronics/graphene-supercapacitor-breakthrough-could-boost-energy-storage-in-future-evs-and-other-household-devices|publisher=Live Science|access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref>
Why useful: fast charging + high power delivery → EV bursts, wearables, power smoothing, quick-charge devices.

==== 5) “Made-in-space” advanced semiconductor crystals (GaN / SiC / diamond) ====

Space Forge demonstrated high-temperature crystal growth conditions in orbit (microgravity), targeting higher-quality semiconductor materials. Space<ref>{{cite web|title=Space|url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/a-completely-new-manufacturing-frontier-space-forge-fires-up-1st-commercial-semiconductor-factory-in-space|publisher=space.com|access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref>
Why useful: potentially fewer defects → more efficient power electronics, RF, computing, and lower energy use.

==== 6) New metal-based antibiotic candidates (3D metal complexes) ====

Robotic “click chemistry” screening found metal complexes (notably iridium/rhenium) with strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Live Science<ref>{{cite web|title=Live Science|url=https://www.livescience.com/health/medicine-drugs/metal-compounds-identified-as-potential-new-antibiotics-thanks-to-robots-doing-click-chemistry|publisher=Live Science|access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref>
Why useful: entirely different structural “shape space” vs classic antibiotics → new weapons against resistance.

==== 7) High-entropy perovskite oxides (communications / microwave absorption) ====

High-entropy design strategies stabilized complex perovskite-oxide behavior useful for microwave absorption and fast magnetic dynamics. Nature<ref>{{cite web|title=Nature|url=https://www.nature.com/natrevmats/articles?year=2025|publisher=nature.com|access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref>
Why useful: could improve RF/microwave components, shielding, and next-gen comms hardware.

==== 8) Exotic “new states” hosted by engineered 2D materials (quantum liquid crystal / “pinball state”) ====

Researchers reported unusual quantum phases emerging in carefully engineered layered systems (moiré/TMD platforms and interfaces). ScienceDaily<ref>{{cite web|title=ScienceDaily|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/12/251226045350.htm|publisher=sciencedaily.com|access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref>
Why useful: may unlock new kinds of switching/transport behavior → future quantum electronics and sensors.

If you want, tell me the area you care about most (energy / batteries / construction / medical / electronics) and I’ll filter this into the top 5 most practical materials for that domain.