Editing Openai/6946af2d-a8f0-800a-9221-1e95f86c0f02


{{DISPLAYTITLE:Spike protein NLS citations}}

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== gpt-5-2-thinking ==
=== User: There are several papers that demonstrate spike protein and mRNA in the nucleus via NLS. ===
There are several papers that demonstrate spike protein and mRNA in the nucleus via NLS. Do you have these citations

=== Assistant: Yep — the main set of papers people cite for Spike + spike mRNA showing up at/inside the nucleus, linked to a proposed … ===
Yep — the main set of papers people cite for Spike + spike mRNA showing up at/inside the nucleus, linked to a proposed Spike NLS (PRRARSV) is from the Sattar/Mehedi group:

===== Core papers (Spike protein + spike mRNA nuclear localization; NLS argument) =====
* Sattar S, Kabat J, Jerome K, Feldmann F, Bailey K, Mehedi M. (2023) Nuclear translocation of spike mRNA and protein is a novel feature of SARS-CoV-2. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1073789. (Full text + summary includes the NLS “PRRARSV” claim and reports Spike protein + spike mRNA at/inside the nucleus in infected airway epithelium.) Frontiers<ref>{{cite web|title=Frontiers|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1073789/full|publisher=frontiersin.org|access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref>
* Sattar S, et al. (2022) Nuclear translocation of spike mRNA and protein is a novel pathogenic feature of SARS-CoV-2. (Preprint version; same overall claim, positioned more explicitly as “NLS-driven”.) PubMed<ref>{{cite web|title=PubMed|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36203551/|publisher=pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref>
* Jerome K, et al. (2023) Simultaneous detection and quantification of spike mRNA and protein… (Methods/protocol-style paper that references and operationalizes the detection; notes the nuclear observation as the key finding.) PMC<ref>{{cite web|title=PMC|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9894770/|publisher=pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref>

===== Reviews that repeat/summarize the NLS + nuclear-translocation claim =====
* MDPI Pathogens review (2023) SARS-CoV-2 Strikes the Host Cell Nucleus — explicitly describes the PRRARSV region as an NLS and summarizes reported nuclear Spike and spike mRNA detection. MDPI<ref>{{cite web|title=MDPI|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/6/806?type=check_update&version=2|publisher=mdpi.com|access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref>

===== Quick reality-check (because people often mix two claims) =====
* The papers above are about SARS-CoV-2 infection / Spike biology, and (in their framing) Spike’s sequence containing a putative NLS + observed nuclear signal. Frontiers<ref>{{cite web|title=Frontiers|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1073789/full|publisher=frontiersin.org|access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref>
* If what you meant was “vaccine mRNA goes into the nucleus via an NLS”: mRNA itself doesn’t use an NLS the way proteins do, and I’m not seeing a solid peer-review “NLS-driven vaccine mRNA → nucleus” citation in the same category as the Spike NLS claim. What does get cited a lot in that orbit is the Aldén et al. Huh7 in-vitro paper (reverse transcription signals), but that’s a different mechanism/claim than “NLS nuclear import.” PubMed<ref>{{cite web|title=PubMed|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35723296/|publisher=pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref>

If you tell me which exact paper titles/authors you had in mind (besides Sattar/Mehedi), I can pull the exact reference entries you want (PMID/DOI/journal) and sanity-check whether they really show in-nucleus signal vs “perinuclear / nuclear envelope / fractionation contamination” etc.

== References ==
<references />


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